Alphabet Soup: Wi-Fi Standards

As an IT Support specialist, you may be responsible for supporting wireless technologies. In this reading, you will learn about the 802.11 Wireless-Fidelity (Wi-Fi) standards, including the alphabet-coded updates: a, b, g, n, ac, ad, af, ah, ax, ay, and az. You will also learn about the differences between the 2.4 gigahertz (GHz) and 5 GHz Wi-Fi frequencies.

Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequencies

There are multiple wireless technologies available today that use various frequencies ranging from radio to microwave bands. These wireless technologies include Wi-Fi, Z-Wave, ZigBee, Thread, Bluetooth, and Near Field Communication (NFC). Radio and microwave frequency bands each have specific ranges that are divided into channels. Wi-Fi uses the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz microwave radio frequency band ranges for sending and receiving data. Some Wi-Fi routers use multiple channels within each range to avoid signal interference and to load-balance network traffic. Wi-Fi is commonly used for wireless local area networks (WLANs).

The following is a comparison of the performance characteristics between the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequency bands:

2.4 GHz

Advantages:

• Has the longest signal range from 150 feet (45 meters) indoors to 300 feet (92 meters) outdoors.

• Can pass through walls and other solid objects.

Disadvantages:

• The long signal range also increases the chances of Wi-Fi traffic being intercepted by cybercriminals.

• Includes a limited number of channels. Can range from 11 to 14 channels, depending on regulations in the country of use.

• Can experience network traffic congestion and interference with other Wi-Fi networks and wireless technologies, such as BlueTooth, that overlap the 2.4 GHz frequency bands.

• Microwave ovens also work in the 2.4 GHz frequency band and can cause Wi-Fi interference.

• Under specific conditions, the maximum achievable data rate is 600 Mbps.

5 GHz

Advantages:

• Includes significantly more channels than 2.4 GHz.

• Experiences fewer interference problems and less wireless network traffic congestion than 2.4 GHz.

• Can achieve over 2 Gbps data transfer speeds under specific conditions.

Disadvantages:

• The wireless range is limited to 50 feet (12 meters) indoors and 100 feet (30 meters) outdoors.

• Does not penetrate walls and other solid objects as well as 2.4 GHz.

IEEE 802.11 standards

In 1997, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ratified the first 802.11 standard for wireless fidelity (later branded as Wi-Fi). The standard was first published for use by computer device manufacturers to use as a common protocol for wireless communications. The IEEE has amended the 802.11 specifications multiple times over the years with updates and additional enhancements to 802.11 Wi-Fi. The IEEE names each new amendment with one or two letters appended to 802.11 (e.g., 802.11n or 802.11ax). The IEEE plans to continue updating the 802.11 specifications until a new technology replaces Wi-Fi.

The majority of wireless networks use the IEEE 802.11 standards for Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi networks include client devices (e.g., laptops, tablets, smartphones, IoT devices, etc.) that are configured to connect to wireless access points. This configuration is referred to as "infrastructure mode". Access points can serve both wireless and wired network traffic. For wired traffic, the access point works as a bridge between wireless devices and a wired network. The access point connects to an Ethernet switch through a wired Ethernet cable.

The various amended 802.11 specifications use the same fundamental data link protocol. However, some characteristics may vary at the OSI physical layer, including:

• signal ranges

• modulation techniques

• transmission bit rates

• frequency bands

• channels

Note that countries around the world may impose different regulations on channel usage, power limitations, and Wi-Fi ranges. A technology called dynamic frequency selection (DFS) is also required to prevent 5 GHz Wi-Fi signals from interfering with local radar and satellite communications.

A comparison of the frequencies, maximum data rates, and maximum signal ranges for each 802.11 update over the years is detailed below:

IEEE 802.11 major updates list	Frequency	Max Data Rate	Max Signal Range
802.11a (1999) - Wi-Fi 2	5 GHz	54 Mbps	400 feet (120 m)
802.11b (1999) - Wi-Fi 1	2.4 GHz	11 Mbps	450 feet (140 m)
802.11g (2003) - Wi-Fi 3	2I apologize for the incomplete response. Here is the complete table:

IEEE 802.11 major updates list	Frequency	Max Data Rate	Max Signal Range
802.11a (1999) - Wi-Fi 2	5 GHz	54 Mbps	400 feet (120 m)
802.11b (1999) - Wi-Fi 1	2.4 GHz	11 Mbps	450 feet (140 m)
802.11g (2003) - Wi-Fi 3	2.4 GHz	54 Mbps	125 feet (38 m)
802.11n (2009) - Wi-Fi 4	2.4 GHz/5 GHz	Up to 600 Mbps	230 feet (70 m)
802.11ac (2013) - Wi-Fi 5	5 GHz	Up to 3.47 Gbps	230 feet (70 m)
802.11ad (2012) - WiGig	60 GHz	Up to 7 Gbps	33 feet (10 m)
802.11af (2014) - TV White Space	Varies	Up to 35 Mbps	Varies
802.11ah (2016) - HaLow	900 MHz	Up to 347 Mbps	230 feet (70 m)
802.11ax (2019) - Wi-Fi 6	2.4 GHz/5 GHz	Up to 10 Gbps	115 feet (35 m)
802.11ay (2020) - Wi-Fi 6E	60 GHz	Up to 40 Gbps	33 feet (10 m)
802.11az (2020) - FTM	Varies	Up to 8 Gbps	Varies

Each new amendment introduced improvements and new features to the previous standard. The advancements include higher data rates, increased capacity, improved efficiency, better security, and support for new applications and use cases. It's important to note that to benefit from the higher speeds and features of the newer standards, both the wireless access point and the client devices must support the same standard.

It's also worth mentioning that backward compatibility is a key consideration in the design of new standards. For example, 802.11n devices can work with older 802.11a/b/g devices, and 802.11ac devices can work with 802.11a/b/g/n devices.

As technology continues to evolve, new standards and amendments are introduced to improve wireless network performance, accommodate increasing data demands, and provide better user experiences.